Pakistan is a paradigm example of a failed state that has undergone an extremely dangerous form of radical Islamisation.
Adi Kaal
Adikaal starts from the middle of the 10th century to the beginning of the
14th century. The poetry of this period has been divided into three categories
Apabhramsha Poetry, Heroic Poetry and Miscellaneous Poetry. Apabhramsha Poetry
includes the Siddha literature (750-1200), the Nath literature and the Jain
literature. Siddha literature was written in the popular language and this
echoed devotional themes combined with a strong erotic feeling.
Between the 7th and the 14th century, the poet Gorakhnath and his followers
mainly composed the Nath literature. They avoided eroticism, scorned racial
discrimination and put stress on moral values, using the Doha (couplet) and the
Chaupai (quartet) styles in their poems. These compositions had a great
influence on the Sant (devotional literature made popular by Rahim and Kabir et
al) literature. During this period Jain poets like Swayambhu, Som Datt Suri,
Sharang Dhar and Nalla Singh composed the Charit Kavyas, which propagate moral
tenets and portrayals of Nature. Heroic Poetry was composed wholly in the native
speech.
The Early Period was the age of invasions and turmoil, which greatly influenced
poets who composed actual as well as imaginary accounts of the heroism of their
patrons. Poems were usually written for the pleasures of kings, who were anyways
quite accustomed to praise. Prithviraj Raso (Chand Bardai), Khuman Raso (Dalpativijay),
Bisaldev Rao (Narpati Nalha) and Parmal Raso (Jagnik) are the major works of
this age, and are lively renditions of battles and their outcomes.
