Pakistan is a paradigm example of a failed state that has undergone an extremely dangerous form of radical Islamisation.
Battle of Buxar
Battle of Buxar, was a decisive battle fought between British and Indian
forces at Buxar, a town on the Ganges River. Mir Kasim, the nawab (governor) of
Bengal, wanted to rid his territory of British control. He formed an alliance
with the Nawab of Oudh and Shah Alam II, the Mughal emperor. The combined Indian
armies invaded Bengal and clashed with British troops, led by Major Hector
Munro, in October 1764. A hotly contested battle resulted in victory for the
British. As a result of this triumph, in 1765, Robert Clive signed the Treaty of
Allahabad with the Nawab of Oudh and Shah Alam II. The treaty effectively
legalized the British East India Company's control over the whole of Bengal.
Diwani rights
Shuja was restored to Awadh, with a subsidiary force and guarantee of defence,
the emperor Shah Alam solaced with Allahabad and a tribute and the frontier
drawn at the boundary of Bihar. In Bengal itself he took a decisive step. In
return for restoring Shah Alam to Allahabad he received the imperial grant of
the diwani or revenue authority in Bengal and Bihar to the Company. This had
hitherto been enjoyed by the nawab, so that now there was a double government,
the nawab retaining judicial and police functions, the Company exercising the
revenue power. The Company was acclimatized, as it were, into the Indian scene
by becoming the Mughal revenue agent for Bengal and Bihar. There was as yet no
thought of direct administration, and the revenue was collected by a
Company-appointed deputy-nawab, one Muhammad Reza Khan.
But this arrangement made the Company the virtual ruler of Bengal since it
already possessed decisive military power. All that was left to the nawab was
the control of the judicial administration. But he was later persuaded to hand
this over to the Company's deputy-nawab, so that its control was virtually
complete.
Inspite of all this the East India Company was again in the verge of
bankruptcy which stirred them to a fresh effort at reform. On the one hand
Warren Hastings was appointed with a mandate for reform, on the other an appeal
was made to the State for a loan. The result was the beginnings of state control
of the Company and the thirteen-year governorship of Warren Hastings.
Hastings's first important work was that of an organizer. In the two and a
half years before the Regulating Act came into force he put in order the whole
Bengal administration. The Indian deputies who had collected the revenue on
behalf of the Company were deposed and their places taken by a Board of Revenue
in Calcutta and English collectors in the districts. This was the real beginning
of British administration in India.
