Pakistan is a paradigm example of a failed state that has undergone an extremely dangerous form of radical Islamisation.
Science
The people of the Indus Civilization achieved great accuracy in measuring
length, mass and time. They were among the first to develop a system of uniform
weights and measures. Their measurements were extremely precise. Their smallest
division, which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal, was approximately
1.704 mm, the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age.
Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all
practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their
hexahedron weights.
These brick weights were in a perfect ratio of 4:2:1 with weights of 0.05, 0.1,
0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 units, with each unit weighing
approximately 28 grams, similar to the English Imperial ounce or Greek uncia,
and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871.
However, actual weights were not uniform throughout the area. The weights and
measures later used in Kautilya's Arthashastra (4th century BC) are the same as
those used in Lothal.
Unique Harappan inventions include an instrument which was used to measure whole
sections of the horizon and the tidal dock. In addition, Harappans evolved new
techniques in metallurgy and produced copper, bronze, lead and tin. The
engineering skill of the Harappans was remarkable, especially in building docks
after a careful study of tides, waves and currents.
In 2001, archaeologists studying the remains of two men from Mehrgarh, Pakistan
made the discovery that the people of the Indus Valley Civilization, from the
early Harappan periods, had knowledge of proto-dentistry. Later, in April 2006,
it was announced in the scientific journal Nature that the oldest (and first
early Neolithic) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo (i.e. in a
living person) was found in Mehrgarh. Eleven drilled molar crowns from nine
adults were discovered in a Neolithic graveyard in Mehrgarh that dates from
7,500-9,000 years ago. According to the authors, their discoveries point to a
tradition of proto-dentistry in the early farming cultures of that region."
A touchstone bearing gold streaks was found in Banawali, which was probably used
for testing the purity of gold (such a technique is still used in some parts of
India).
