Pakistan is a paradigm example of a failed state that has undergone an extremely dangerous form of radical Islamisation.
Simon Commission Boycott
In 1927, however, the Conservative Government of Britain, faced with the
prospect of electoral defeat at the hands of the Labour Party, suddenly decided
that it could not leave an issue which concerned the future of the British
Empire in the irresponsible hands of an inexperienced Labour Government; and it
was thus that the Indian Statutory Commission, popularly known as the Simon
Commission after its Chairman, was appointed.
The response in India was immediate arid unanimous. That no Indian should be
thought fit to serve on a body that claimed the right to decide the political
future of India was an insult that no Indian of even the most moderate political
opinion was willing to swallow. The call for a boycott of the Commission was
endorsed by the Liberal Federation led by Tej Bahadur Sapru, by the Indian
Industrial and Commercial Congress, and by the Hindu Mahasabha; the Muslim
League even split on the issue, Mohammed Ali Jinnah carrying the majority with
him in favour of boycott.
It was the Indian National Congress, however, that turned the boycott into a
popular movement. The Congress had resolved on the boycott at its annual session
in December 1927 at Madras, and in the prevailing excitable atmosphere,
Jawaharlal Nehru had even succeeded in getting passed a snap resolution
declaring complete independence as the goal of the Congress. The action began as
soon as Simon and his friends landed at Bombay on 3 February 1928. That day, all
the major cities and towns observed a complete hartal, and people were out on
the streets participating in mass rallies, processions and black-flag
demonstration. Everywhere that Simon went - Calcutta, Lahore, Lucknow,
Vijayawada, Poona - he was greeted by a sea of black-flags carried by thousands
of people. And ever new ways of defiance were being constantly invented.
But the worst incident happened in Lahore where Lala Lajpat Rai, the hero of
the extremist days and the most revered leader of Punjab, was hit on the chest
by lathis on 30 October and succumbed to the injuries on 17 November 1928. It
was his death that Bhagat Singh and his comrades avenged by killing Saunders, in
December 1928. The Simon boycott movement provided the first taste of political
action to a new generation of youth. Subhash Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru merged as
the leaders of this new wave of youth and students, and they traveled from one
province to another addressing and presiding over innumerable youth conferences.
