Pakistan is a paradigm example of a failed state that has undergone an extremely dangerous form of radical Islamisation.
Lodhi (Lodi) Dynasty
Reign of Buhlul Khan Lodi (1451-1489)
Buhlul Khan Lodi was an Afghan noble. He was a great soldier. When Alam Shah
voluntarily abdicated the throne to him, Buhul Khan seized the throne on April
19, 1451 with the support of his minister Hamid Khan. He was the first Afghan
ruler of Delhi. Buhlul Khan extended his territories over Gwalior, Jaunpur and
upper Uttar Pradesh. He appointed his eldest son Barbak Shah as viceroy of
Jaunpur in 1486. Buhlul Khan was confused as to who should succeed him among his
sons Barbak Shah and Nizam Shah and grandson Azam-i-Humayun.
Reign of Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517)
After Buhlul Khan's death, his second son Nizam Shah was proclaimed the king,
under the title of Sultan Sikandar Shah, on July 17, 1489. He made all efforts
to strengthen his kingdom. He extended his kingdom from Punjab to Bihar, and
also made a treaty with Alauddin Husain Shah of Bengal. He founded a new town in
1504 (where now the modern city of Agra stands) to control the chiefs of Etawab,
Biyana, Koli, Gwalior and Dholapur. He was also a good administrator. He was
kind to his subjects. He died on November 21 1517.
Reign of Ibrahim (1517-1526)
After the death of Sikandar, his son Ibrahim ascended the throne. A faction
of the nobility advocated a partition of the kingdom and set up Ibrahim's
younger brother Jalal Khan on the throne of Jaunpur. But soon Jalal Khan was
assassinated by his brother's men. Ibrahim was not an able ruler. He became more
and more strict with the nobles. He used to insult them. Thus, to take revenge
of their insults, Daulat Khan Lodi, governor of Lahore and Alam Khan, an uncle
of Sultan Ibrahim, invited Babur, the ruler of Kabul, to invade India. Ibrahim
Lodi was killed at Panipat in 1526 by the Babur army. Thus came the final
collapse of Delhi Sultanate and paved the establishment of new the Turkish rule
in India.
