Pakistan is a paradigm example of a failed state that has undergone an extremely dangerous form of radical Islamisation.
The Invasion of India by Timur
In 1397 Timur-i-lang obtained the intelligence that the Tughlaq Sultanate in
India was on the decline. After the destruction the Southern Alliance of Mir
Hussain (whose grandfather, Amir Qazaghan of Balkh was a great backer of Mohamed
bin Tughlaq and Firoz Shah Tughlaq) and the conquest of Balkh by Timur, the
Tughlaqs lost the backing of the Southern Alliance and the buffer provided by
this alliance against the Central Asian Khanates. As a consequence the Kokhars
of the Salt Range under Raja Jasrat led a massive rebellion against Mahmud Shah
Tughlaq. In South India too, the Tughlaq armies were repulsed by the Hindu
revival, and the local Islamic governors of Bijapur, Golconda and Ahmednagar
broke free from Delhi. Turkic chieftains in Bengal, Gujarat and Avadh also
crowned themselves local Sultans. The Rajput chief Rai Dalachandra liberated
himself from the Tughlaqs and took the forts of Bhatnair and Loni on the road
from Multan to Delhi. Timur saw a great opportunity of plundering India, and
also that for a Jihad on the polytheists. The Zafar Nama piously announces:
“There arose in my heart the desire to lead a jihad against the infidels, and to
become a ghazi; for it had reached my ears that the slayer of infidels is a
ghazi, and if he is slain instead while fighting the fire-worshipers he becomes
a shahid. It was on this account that I formed this resolution, but I was
undetermined in my mind whether I should direct my jihad against the infidels of
China or against the idolaters and polytheists of India. In this matter I sought
an omen from the Quran, and the verse I opened upon was this: O Prophet, make
war upon infidels and unbelievers and treat them with severity. The Quran
emphasizes that the highest dignity which man may attain is to wage war in
person on the enemies of the Faith. This why I, the great Timur-i-Lang was
always concerned about exterminating the worshipers of the fire and the sun, as
much to acquire merit as from the love of undying glory.”
He held a Quriltai in 1398 and asked his grand Amirs to give their opinions
on the plan to invade India. Some of his Amirs said that in the past Sultan
Mahmud Ghaznavi the descendent of the Turkish lord Subuqtegin conquered
Hindustan with a mere 30,000 cavalry, and established his own naukers as rulers
of Hind. He slaughtered Hindus and carried off many thousand carts of gold,
silver and jewels from them, besides subjecting them to Jaziya. They posed the
rhetoric question: “is our Amir inferior to Sultan Mahmud?” And replied “Allah
has made our exalted Amir Timur-i-lang the lord of an even mightier army of
Mongols and Turks. He will become a ghazi and mujahid before Allah, we shall be
attendants on an Amir who is a ghazi, the army will be contented, the treasury
rich and well filled with the gold of Hindustan”. Then Shah Rukh, his youngest
son spoke “The conquest of India, it is said is a higher honor than bearing
titles like Kha’Khan, Caesar, Shahinshah, Sultan or Faghfur. So it would be a
pity if we were not to exterminate the Indians” Then Pir Mohamed, his grandson
spoke “We have to grab that land which is full of gold, jewels, and in it there
are seventeen mines of gold, silver, diamonds, rubies, emeralds, tin, iron,
lead, copper and mercury.” Timur, pleased by these words, stated “I have made up
my mind to rid India of the filth of the polytheistic Hindus who make offerings
in fire called Yazad, destroy their temples and idols, and become ghazis and
mujahids before Allah.”
In January 1398 Timur sent a raiding squadron under his grandson Pir Mohamed
from Balkh to attack Multan (Mulasthana) and sent another army under his other
grandson Mirza Iskander to assault Lahore. Pir forded the Sindhu and besieged
Multan and bombarded it with trebuchets and fire pots. After a protracted siege
of six months he took the city and looted it completely. In the mean time
Iskander took Lahore and they prepared the path for Timur. Timur took his own
course; first he decided to destroy the Kalasha Kafirs of Afghanistan. The
Kalasha were an ancient Indo-Iranian tribe, who represented the last surviving
group of the 3rd branch of the Indo-Iranian peoples. They were inveterate pagans
worshiping the old Indo-Iranian deities, completely unaffected by Islam that had
washed away the Indo-Aryan culture all around them. Timur decided to strike them
in the upper reaches of the Panjshir valley. But he was prevented from entering
the valley by the Kalasha Raja, who was blocking the advance of Timur through a
guerrilla attack from Siah Posh. He sent a second force of 10,000 cavalry to
take Siah Posh, but the Kalasha Raja demolished it through a surprise sally.
Furious over this Timur decided to directly attack the Panjshir valley despite
the heavy snow. He set up a system of pulleys and lowered his troops into the
valley via large baskets braving severe cold and snow storms. Having entered the
valley his spread mayhem amidst the Kafirs. However, they fled to the mountains
and continued to fight. Timur dejected over the hold up, built fortifications to
fend off the Kafirs and marched on, exiting the valley at Khawak. Before leaving
he carved an inscription on the mountain defiles of Kator marking his invasion
of the Kafir land.
Proceeding south, Timur with a force of 93,000 horsemen, crossed the Sindhu
on Sept.24th 1398 and made a broad sweep towards the rich town of Talamba, north
of Multan. Having sacked and obliterated the city, he merged with his grandsons’
tuemens at Multan. Then the combined Timurid army marched rapidly towards the
west bank of Shutudri (Sutlej) river. Here Timur took on Raja Jasrat and having
killed him in a quick heavy cavalry charge, destroyed the Khokhar army. The
survivors were forcibly converted to Islam at the threat of immediate execution.
Having crossed the river he secured the Multan-Delhi road and started his march
on Delhi. The fort of Bhatnair stood on this road and offered formidable defense
against the invader. Timur promptly besieged the fort after sweeping through the
countryside and forced Rai Dalachandra into the defensive. On 10th November
1398, he suddenly assaulted fort with giant fort-breaking ballistas that hurled
huge rocks over a ton on the fort walls. Prince Shah Rukh, Mazid al Baghdadi and
Jahan Maliq, Timur’s fierce generals, led the assault on the Hindus. The Hindus
retaliated with an heavy rain fireworks from their ramparts, but the Timurids
pushed on building mines to break the ramparts. Finally, the fort ramparts were
demolished and the Timurid army rushed into the fort capturing Dalachandra and
killing other defenders after much desperate fighting at close quarters.
Timur then sacked the town of Sirsuti (on the old Sarasvati) and destroyed it
completely slaying numerous Hindus. Then he quickly took the towns of Aspandi,
Kaithal, Samana and completely depopulated them. He states that while destroying
these places he noticed several fire-worshipers, similar to the Parsis of Iran
and exterminated them in the true spirit of a ghazi (most probably he meant
Brahmins). On 5th December he sacked Panipat and took the wheat granaries there
as the Hindus fled in terror on hearing of his approach. On December 10th he
proceed to attack the Loni that stood the north-east of Delhi, the Hindu
defenders shaken by the loss of their chief failed to put an effective fight and
were trashed by the Timurid army. Timur seized about 100,000 Hindus after the
battle by encircling them in a crescent-like movement, even as held their mass
Mongols hunting expeditions on the steppe. He ordered his men to slaughter each
one of them right away. He proudly describes how a Mullah who had not even
killed a sparrow in the past now slew several Hindus with great enthusiasm. On
December 17th he reached the banks of the Yamuna, between Delhi and Panipat and
engaged the Tughlaq army commanded by Mallu Iqbal and Sultan Mahmud Shah Tughlaq.
Timur’s troops first fired bolts shaped like spiked tetrahedra on the field in
front of them and retreated behind this zone of spikes. The Tughlaq army seeing
the Timurids seeming to retreat, led a direct elephant charge. But, this was
immediately nullified as the elephants’s feet were spiked by the tetrahedra. The
Delhi cavalry was pressed into a charge on a short notice and was engaged by the
right wing of Timur’s army comprising of cavalry archers. As the Delhi cavalry
was being mowed down by the Central Asian archers, the left wing of Timur’s
army, comprising of the heavily armored cavalry, encircled the right wing of the
Tughlaq army, and cut it down. The Tughlaq army faced complete encirclement:
Mallu Iqbal was killed and he was speared like a kebob and displayed to force
the survivors to surrender. Mahmud Tughlaq escaped just before the encirclement
and fled to Gujarat, even as his army lay “with heads and hands mixed with the
trunks of the pachyderm”.
Timur triumphantly marched into Delhi and the Ulema begged him to spare the
lives of the Moslems. He asked them to proclaim him the exalted sultan of
Hindustan. The Hindus seeing that they faced a brutal death revolted enmasse and
were slaughtered with much fury in the fierce fighting that broke out through
the streets of Delhi. Four pyramids of the heads of slaughtered Hindus were set
up in the four corner of Delhi and only the qualified craftsmen were bound and
sent off in slave trains to Samarqand. Any Moslems who failed to give Timur’s
troops their supplies were also forthwith roasted like Kebobs. Timur spent 15
days in Delhi solemnly occupying the throne of Delhi declaring himself emperor
of India. He summoned 120 elephants and made them bow their heads and kneel
before him in obeisance and trumpet in unison. He felt that it marked the
submission of Hindustan itself at the feet of the world conqueror. He then sent
off the elephants in long strings to the Herat, Tabriz, Shiraz and Samarqand.
The treasury was taken by Timur and in one stroke the wealth that the Moslem
rulers had robbed from Indians over two centuries, comprising of incalculable
amounts of gold, silver and gems. He then performed his Islamic prayers in the
old Jami Masjid, placed a cleric from Bokhara as its Imam and had him read the
Friday Namaz in his name. Finally on January 1, 1399 when the stench of the
corpses made his stay impossible, he ordered his troops to burn down Delhi,
except for the Moslem quarters, and proceeded to attack Meerut. In Meerut he
demolished all the Hindu temples and captured the Hindu inhabitants. The Hindus
were then skinned alive or their throats were slit. Timur triumphantly declared
that he had observed his vow of waging Jihad and then burnt the city down. He
then obtained intelligence regarding the flourishing Indian shrines in Haradwara
and decided to destroy them and defile the Ganga with blood of cows and “wearers
of the thread”. To this end he fell upon a large group of pilgrims, north of
Meerut, who were advancing for the Mela on Ganga and slaughtered several
thousands of them. As he advanced towards the banks of the Ganga, when Hindus of
all denominations, from throughout the region, both men and women, decided to
stop him at all costs. 200000 Indians assembled with whatever weapons they could
gather and decided to block the path to the Ganga and the temples of Haradwara.
At Bhokar Heri near Ganga the Hindu force took on the Timurid army in a frontal
assault. Though Timur was vastly outnumbered, his cavalry was much larger, as
only a small subset of the 200000 Hindus, namely the Rajput and Brahmin fighters
had horses. The battle raged on fiercely for 3 days with Timur’s general
Suleyman Shah leading the charge; despite heavy losses the Hindus, in resolute
defense of their holy sites kept their flag aloft, with most of the Rajputs
falling in battle. Timur seeing no major gains from this encounter, and also
fearing attacks on his heavy booty, decided to withdraw without reaching the
Ganga (Though he claims that he crossed it). He captured numerous cows and
buffaloes that he used as food in his advance.
He returned taking a northerly route along the Siwaliks and attacked the
fortress of Trisarta (modern Kangra) that was under the control of the Raja
Ratana Sena and Raja Brihata. The Hindu defenders were beaten in an involved
charge led by his heavily armored cavalry. Brihata was slain first and the Hindu
women in camp fell into the hand of the Timurid army, much to his delight. He
next killed Ratana Sena after a fierce battle that was led by Pir Mohamed and
Suleyman Shah and captured 50,000 Hindus as slaves to be sent off to Samarqand
and Bukhara. Then he engaged the Hindu Raja of Jammu, Maaladeva again near Jammu
and crushed his forces in the encounter. He captured Maaladeva while he was
fleeing near the upper Chenab and had the great joy of making him eat beef and
forsake Hinduism for Islam. Sikander, the Sultan of Kashmir, humbly submitted to
Timur and accepted his suzerainty. He then appointed Khizr Khan Sayyid as
viceroy in Delhi and a local Moslem warlord as the governor of Multan. Rich in
booty and slaves he triumphantly returned to Samarqand.
Nehru's view on Timur-i-Lang
Nehru was not only a politician but a writer also and that too of no mean
repute. Beside his politics, his books too have an indelible impression on the
young minds of the nation. He is regarded not only as a social progressive
communism oriented thinker, philosopher and a world statesman but also a
historian. It is his historical writing that we shall contend here.
"Late in the fourteenth century, Timur, the Turk or Turco-Mongol, came
down from the north in India; he came to Delhi and went back. But all along his
route he created a wilderness adorned with pyramids of skulls of those he had
slain; and Delhi itself became a city of the dead. Fortunately he did not go far
and only some parts of the Punjab and Delhi had to suffer this terrible
affliction." wrote Nehru in his "Discovery Of India".
In describing Timur's motivation to invade India, Nehru wrote in "Glimpses
of World History": "The wealth of India attracted this savage. He had some
difficulty in inducing his generals and nobles to agree to his proposal to
invade India. There was a great council in Samarkand, and the nobles objected to
going to India because of the great heat there. Ultimately Timur promised that
he would not stay in India. He would just plunder and destroy and return. He
kept his word." He also goes on to write: "So when Timur came with an army of
Mongols there was not much resistance and he went on gaily with his massacres
and pyramids. Both Hindus and Muslims were slain. No distinction seems to have
been made. The prisoners becoming a burden, he ordered all of them killed and
100,000 were massacred."
Describing Timur's savagery, Nehru goes on to write in "Glimpses of World
History": "wherever he went he went he spread desolation and pestilence and
utter misery. His chief pleasure was the erection of enormous pyramids of
skulls. … But Timur was much worse. He stands apart for wanton and fiendish
cruelty. In one place, it is said, he erected a tower of 2000 live men and
covered them up with brick and mortar."
